Synopsis
One of the most arresting stories in the history of exploration, these two Icelandic sagas tell of the discovery of America by Norsemen five centuries before Christopher Columbus. Together, the direct, forceful twelfth-century Graenlendinga Saga and the more polished and scholarly Eirik's Saga, written some hundred years later, recount how Eirik the Red founded an Icelandic colony in Greenland and how his son, Leif the Lucky, later sailed south to explore - and if possible exploit - the chance discovery by Bjarni Herjolfsson of an unknown land. In spare and vigorous prose they record Europe's first surprise glimpse of the eastern shores of the North American continent and the natives who inhabited them.
Review
Magnus Magnusson is an Icelander who has been resident in Scotland for most of his life, and is well-known for his presentation of the BBC's Mastermind. He is also chairman of the Scottish National Heritage. He studied English and Old Icelandic at Oxford University. Hermann Palsson studied Icelandic at the University of Iceland and Celtic at University College, Dublin. Formerly Professor of Icelandic at the University of Edinburgh and General Editor of the New Saga Library, he has written many books on the history and literature of medieval Iceland. He died in 2003. Magnus Magnusson is an Icelander who has been resident in Scotland for most of his life, and is well-known for his presentation of the BBC's Mastermind. He is also chairman of the Scottish National Heritage. He studied English and Old Icelandic at Oxford University. Hermann Palsson studied Icelandic at the University of Iceland and Celtic at University College, Dublin. Formerly Professor of Icelandic at the University of Edinburgh and General Editor of the New Saga Library, he has written many books on the history and literature of medieval Iceland. He died in 2003.
The Vinland Sagas
The Saga of the Greenlanders and Eirik the Red’s Saga contain the first ever descriptions of North America, a bountiful land of grapes and vines, discovered by Vikings five centuries before Christopher Columbus. Written down in the early thirteenth century, they recount the Icelandic settlement of Greenland by Eirik the Red, the chance discovery by seafaring adventurers of a mysterious new land, and Eirik’s son Leif the Lucky’s perilous voyages to explore it. Wrecked by storms, stricken by disease and plagued by navigational mishaps, some survived the North Atlantic to pass down this compelling tale of the first Europeans to talk with, trade with, and war with the Native Americans.
Wrecked by storms, stricken by disease and plagued by navigational mishaps, some survived the North Atlantic to pass down this compelling tale of the first Europeans to talk with, trade with, and war with the Native Americans."
The Sagas of Icelanders
A unique body of medieval literature, the Sagas rank with the world's greatest literary treasures--as epic as Homer, as deep in tragedy as Sophocles, as engagingly human as Shakespeare. Set around the turn of the last millennium, these stories depict with an astonishingly modern realism the lives and deeds of the Norse men and women who first settled Iceland and of their descendants, who ventured further west--to Greenland and, ultimately, the coast of North America itself. The ten Sagas and seven shorter tales in this volume include the celebrated "Vinland Sagas," which recount Leif Eiriksson's pioneering voyage to the New World and contain the oldest descriptions of the North American continent. For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators.
Set around the turn of the last millennium, these stories depict with an astonishingly modern realism the lives and deeds of the Norse men and women who first settled Iceland and of their descendants, who ventured further west--to Greenland ..."
The Penguin Classics Book
Penguin Classics is the largest and best-known classics imprint in the world. From The Epic of Gilgamesh to the poetry of the First World War, and covering all the greatest works of fiction, poetry, drama, history and philosophy in between, this reader's companion encompasses 500 authors, 1,200 books and 4,000 years of world literature. Stuffed full of stories, author biographies, book summaries and recommendations, and illustrated with thousands of historic Penguin Classic covers, this is an exhilarating and comprehensive guide for anyone who wants to explore and discover the best books ever written.
Gísli Sigurđsson, 2008 THE VINLAND SAGAS The Norse Discovery of America c.1220–c.1280 In the late 10th century, Eirik the Red discovered a harsh, glacial territory west of Iceland, which he called 'Green Land' to make it sound more ..."
Viking Mersey
1100 years ago marked the start of a Viking invasion of the Mersey region, which reached out into Chester, West Lancashire and beyond. The Vikings left behind place-names like Kirkby, Kirby, Meols and Croxteth, which can also be found in Iceland, another region they were invading. This book is about these people in peace and war, their customs, traditions, pastimes, their paganism and their Christianity, their governments and their financial centre at Chester. It also includes a section on how modern genetic research is being used to discover the descendants of these Invaders in the modern day population.
Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Pálsson (translators, 1965) The Vínland Sagas. The Norse Discovery of America . Penguin Classics , Harmondsworth, U.K. Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Palsson (translators, 1966) King Harald's Saga."
Ingimund's Saga
Around 1,100 years ago a group of Viking settlers from Scandinavia arrived somewhere between Þorsteinnstún (Thurstaston) and Melar (Meols) on the shores of north Wirral – a small peninsula lying between the Rivers Dee and Mersey – having been driven out of Ireland. This initiated a mass migration of their fellow countrymen into the area and soon they had established a community with a clearly defined border, its own leader, its own language, a trading port, and at its centre a place of assembly or government – the Thing at Þingvöllr (Thingwall). This community was answerable to nobody else: the English, the Welsh, the Dublin Norse, the Isle of Man, Iceland, and not even Norway. The Wirral-Norse settlement therefore satisfied all the criteria of an independent, self-governing Viking state – albeit a mini one! This book, written by Wirral-exile and scientist Steve Harding, is about these people, why they left Scandinavia, where they settled, their religion and their possible pastimes. Wirral was also probably witness to one of the greatest battles in the history of the British Isles – Brunanburh. The third edition of this highly popular book has been updated to incorporate the identification of the mysterious Dingesmere in the Battle, the importance and relation of Wirral to the wider Viking Commonwealth, including the Isle of Man, North Wales, Scotland and Ireland, together with the results from the Wirral and West Lancashire Viking DNA project, where up to 50% of the DNA of men from old Wirral and West Lancashire families appeared to be Scandinavian in origin.
The Vínland Sagas. The Norse Discovery of America . Penguin Classics , Harmondsworth, UK. Includes the Greenland and Eirik's sagas. Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Pálsson (Translators, 1966). King Harald's Saga. Penguin Classics ..."
Nature, Place, and Story
National historic sites commemorate decisive moments in the making of Canada. But seen through an environmental lens, these sites become artifacts of a bigger story: the occupation and transformation of nature into nation. In an age of pressing discussions about environmental sustainability, there is a growing need to know more about the history of our relationship with the natural world and what lessons these places of public history, regional identity, and national narrative can teach us. Nature, Place, and Story provides new interpretations for five of Canada’s largest and most iconic historic sites (two of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites): L’Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland; Grand Pré, Nova Scotia; Fort William, Ontario; the Forks of the Red River, Manitoba; and the Bar U Ranch, Alberta. At each location, Claire Campbell rewrites public history as environmental history, revealing the country’s debt to the power and fragility of the natural world, and the relevance of the past to understanding climate change, agricultural sustainability, wilderness protection, urban reclamation, and fossil fuel extraction. From the medieval Atlantic to modern ranchlands, environmental history speaks directly to contemporary questions about the health of Canada’s habitat. Bringing together public and environmental history in an entirely new way, Nature, Place, and Story is a lively and ambitious call for a fresh perspective on natural heritage.
6 See Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Pálsson, eds., The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America (London: Penguin Classics , 1965). Also W.A. Munn, Wineland Voyages: Location of Helluland, Markland, and Vinland (St John's: The Evening ..."
Norway
This well-established cruising guide covers the coast of Norway northwards from the Swedish border in the Skagerrak around the North Cape to the Russian border. It includes coverage of the Lofoten and Vesterålen islands, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the remote volcanic island of Jan Mayen. Author Judy Lomax continues to sail this beguiling coastline of majestic fjords and multiple islands and uses her extensive network of contacts, built up over more than 30 years, to help monitor changes in the region. This fourth edition incorporates numerous updates to her previous work and expands on the detail for some areas such as the Oslo Fjord and the Telemark Canal. There is a wealth of new photographs and revised Imray plans throughout. Whether you are on a private vessel or one of the many ships cruising this stunningly beautiful region, Norway is a trusted and proven companion. "Any yachtsman even contemplating a visit to this loveliest of cruising areas could be considered negligent if he did not buy this book". - RHR, Cruising "...The author finds it difficult to avoid superlatives when talking about Norwegian scenery. I find it equally difficult to avoid superlatives when talking about this book. I am impressed. Also most Norwegians may learn a lot of facts from this excellent book. This will remain a classic, and will come in new editions in the foreseeable future..." Customer feedback “For anyone sailing in Norwegian waters this book is an absolute must. It is the perfect example of a truly excellent pilot from which practically nothing can be found missing.” Christine Holroyd, Cruising Association magazine.
Books currently out of print may be available from secondhand or online book services. For navigation books, see Chapter ... The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America H. Pàlsson (Translation M. Magnusson, Penguin Classics 1973.) ..."
Viking Women
Let's travel in time together, a thousand or so years back, and meet Viking women in their hearth-lit world. How did these medieval viragoes live, love and die? How can we encounter them as flesh-and-blood beings with fears and feelings - not just as names in sagas or runes carved into stone? In this groundbreaking work, Lisa Hannett lifts the veil on the untold stories of wives and mothers, girls and slaves, widows and witches who sailed, settled, suffered, survived - and thrived - in a society that largely catered to and memorialised men. Hannett presents the everyday experiences of a compelling cast of women, all of whom are resourceful and petty, hopeful and jealous, and as fabulous and flawed as we are today. Lisa Hannett is an award-winning Canadian-Australian writer and academic.
The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America , Penguin Books , 1965. Scudder, Bernard (trans.), Egil's Saga, Penguin Books, 1997. Secondary Sources Agnar Helgason, et al., 'mtDNA and the Islands of the North Atlantic: Estimating the ..."
Norse Mythology
THE NO. 1 SUNDAY TIMES AND NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER FROM THE AUTHOR OF NETFLIX HIT THE SANDMAN'With the deftest of touches, the characters are once again brought to life' JOANNE HARRIS'The halls of Valhalla have been crying out for Gaiman to tell their stories' OBSERVERThe great Norse myths, which have inspired so much of modern fiction, are dazzlingly retold by Neil Gaiman. Tales of dwarfs and frost giants, of treasure and magic, and of Asgard, home to the gods: Odin the all-father, highest and oldest of the Aesir; his mighty son Thor, whose hammer Mjollnir makes the mountain giants tremble; Loki, wily and handsome, reliably unreliable in his lusts; and Freya, more beautiful than the sun or the moon, who spurns those who seek to control her.From the dawn of the world to the twilight of the gods, this is a thrilling, vivid retelling of the Norse myths from the award-winning, bestselling Neil Gaiman.*This book has been printed with two different cover designs. We are unable to accept requests for a specific cover. The different covers will be assigned to orders at random*
Tales of dwarfs and frost giants, of treasure and magic, and of Asgard, home to the gods: Odin the all-father, highest and oldest of the Aesir; his mighty son Thor, whose hammer Mjollnir makes the mountain giants tremble; Loki, wily and ..."
On Polar Tides
In 1981, Nigel Foster flew to Canada’s Baffin Island to begin a solo kayak trip south toward northern Labrador. After crossing the 40-mile wide Hudson Strait in howling winds and fighting a 10 knot tide race, Foster crash-landed on a small island in the dark. He had frostbitten fingers and was 300 miles from the closest village. With unimaginable good fortune, eight days later he ran across an oil tanker and hitched a ride south. He had survived—marking one of the most notable solo crossings in history—but the failure of the second portion of the trip he had originally planned haunted him. In 2004, Foster returned to northern Labrador with his then girlfriend (now wife) Kristin Nelson. Launching from Kuujjuaq in Northern Quebec, the couple paddled the Ungava Bay coast—which has one of the largest tidal variances in the world—to the place Foster had boarded the oil tanker 23 years earlier. From this remote location, the couple completed the trip to Nain that Foster originally planned for 1981. They encountered more polar bears than people. The story of the two trips forms the backbone for On Polar Tides—Originally self-published as Stepping Stones in 2009—which offers an intimate and insightful view of Ungava and Labrador. The new, revised edition includes gripping recollections of the polar adventures and 54 color photographs.
The Vinland Sagas The Norse Discovery of America . Penguin Classics , 1965. Malaurie, Jean. The Last Kings of Thule. Jonathan Cape, 1982. The Mariner's Handbook. Hydrographer of the Navy UK, 4th ed., 1973. McGhee, Robert."
Handbook of Norse Mythology
Describes the themes, characters, rituals, and beliefs of Norse mythology.
Finally, Hermann Pálsson and Magnus Magnus Magnusson, The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America (Baltimore: Penguin Books , 1965), offers readers the chance to consider for themselves the literary evidence for the Scandinavian ..."
The Saga of Erik the Red (Eiríks Saga Rauða)
The Saga of Erik the Red (Eiríks Saga Rauða) is one of the two Icelandic Sagas which make up the Vínland Sagas (Vínlandingasögur) which tell the story of the Norse discovery of North America. The story includes the events leading up to Erik the Red being banished from Iceland and discovering Greenland. Following the accidental discovery of lands further west of Greenland, there are a number of expeditions to explore and settle these lands. These stories survived by oral tradition over several centuries before being written down in the 13th century. They are preserved in the Hauksbók, and the Skálholtsbók. This book is designed to be of use to anyone studying or with a keen interest in Old Norse or Old Icelandic, clearly showing how these languages work, and the influence of these languages on English. Both Old Norse and Old Icelandic versions are included. This edition is laid out in three columns, the original text, a literal word-for-word translation, and a modern translation. Also included is a word list with over 1,000 definitions. Also available in this series: The Saga of the Greenlanders (Groenlendinga Saga), The Vínland Sagas (Vínlandingasögur).
The Saga of Erik the Red (Eiríks Saga Rauða) is one of the two Icelandic Sagas which make up the Vínland Sagas (Vínlandingasögur) which tell the story of the Norse discovery of North America."
Trauma and Uprooting
We live in a world that most regrettably, despite its potential in terms of beauty and variety, has been and is still dominated by multiple outbreaks of violence. For the last hundred years and more, people have been forced into situations in which they have lost everything that they had held dear, often including their mental health.
80 Herman Palsson, The Vinland Sagas: the Norse Discovery of America ( Penguin Classics , 1965), p.28. 81 Joanne Crow, The Mapuche in Modern Chile (2013). 82 Close to five million Chileans were said in the 1990s to live below the UN ..."
Historical Dictionary of the American Frontier
The Historical Dictionary of the American Frontier covers early Euro-American exploration and development of frontiers in North America. The dictionary section has over 300 cross-referenced entries on explorers, adventurers, traders, religious orders, developers, and indigenous peoples.
The Norse Atlantic Saga: Being the Norse Voyages of Discovery and Settlement to Iceland, Greenland, and North America . New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Kunz, Keneva, trans. The Vinland Sagas . New York: Penguin Classics , 2008."
The Global Atlantic
The Global Atlantic provides a concise, lively overview of the complex and diverse history of the greater Atlantic region from 1400 to 1900. During this period, the lands around the Atlantic basin – Europe, Africa, and the Americas – became deeply interconnected in networks of trade, cultural exchange, and geopolitics that reshaped these regions and the world beyond. In this accessible and engaging text, Christoph Strobel integrates the Atlantic into world history, showing that the Atlantic oceanic system was always interlinked with the rest of globe. From the Mediterranean origins of slave-worked sugar plantations to the Chinese demand for silver from American mines, The Global Atlantic discusses key examples of these connections with clarity, enabling students to understand how existing ideas and incentives shaped the emerging Global Atlantic, and how these Atlantic systems in turn created the world we live in today.
I am drawing the concept of the Native American “old world” from Neal Salisbury, “The Indians' Old World: Native ... Magnus Magnusson and Hermann Palsson, The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America (Baltimore: Penguin Books , ..."
A Practical Heathen's Guide to Asatru
Asatru Then and Now From its pre-Christian beginnings to its contemporary practitioners, Heathenry has long fascinated people from every corner of the world. Written from the unique perspective of a Heathen gythja, or Godwoman, A Practical Heathen's Guide to Asatru shows how to bring the beliefs and traditions of this ancient faith into your life today. In this complete guide to Asatru, you will discover: The mythology, folklore, and historical sagas of Northern European Heathens How to conduct rituals for birth, naming, entry into adulthood, weddings, divorces, funerals, and holy days Practical techniques for meditation, trance-work, prayer, and working with runes and charms Heathen perspectives on the nature of time, creation, worship, ethics, oaths, and hospitality An in-depth glossary, index, pronunciation guide, and bibliography for further study
Stephen Pollington, Leechcraft: Early English Charms, Plantlore, and Healing (Swaffham, Norfolk, England: Anglo-Saxon Books , 2000), 64. 10. Magnus Magnusson, trans., The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America (London: Penguin ..."
Greenland
Did you know that Greenland is actually part of the Kingdom of Denmark? Readers discover this and other fun facts about the world’s largest island as they explore the history, geography, and culture of Greenland. Focused chapters present up-to-date information about Greenland’s government, economy, arts scene, holidays, and much more. Even the cuisine of Greenland is highlighted, with recipes that encourage a hands-on approach to learning. Featuring detailed maps and vivid, full-color photographs of this remote island territory, this reading experience is both educational and engaging for readers at a variety of levels.
The Vikings in North America : The History and Legacy of the Norse Settlements in Greenland and Vinland. Charles River Editors, 2015. ... The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America . Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books , 1965."
In Search of First Contact
A radically new interpretation of two medieval Icelandic tales, known as the Vinland sagas, considering what the they reveal about native peoples, and how they contribute to the debate about whether Leif Eiriksson or Christopher Columbus should be credited as the first "discoverer" of America.
The Vikings of Vinland, the Peoples of the Dawnland, and the Anglo- American Anxiety of Discovery Annette Kolodny ... Introduction to The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America . New York: Penguin Books , 1965. 7–43."
Icons of the Middle Ages
From Thomas Becket to Charlemagne, from Leif Erickson to Count Dracula, this series of biographical essays separates truth from legend as it explores the lives of some of the most accomplished and influential figures of medieval history. * Contributions from 18 accomplished scholars and writers bring their fascinating medieval era subjects to life in 20 entries—18 biographical and 2 topical entries * Bibliographical references and "Suggestions for Further Reading" for each chapter
London: Macmillan, 1869, 123-39. Online. Magnusson, Magnus, and Hermann Palsson, trans. The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery ofAmerica. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books , 1965. Marshall, Perry. Vinland, or The Norse Discovery of America ; ..."
Encyclopedia of Frontier Biography: P-Z
Includes biographical information on 4,500 individuals associated with the frontier
Magnus Magnusson , Hermann Palsson , The Vinland Sagas : The Norse Discovery of America . Baltimore , Penguin Books , 1965 ; Gwyn Jones , The Norse Atlantic Saga . N.Y. , Oxford Univ . Press , 1964 ; Farley Mowat , Westviking ."
American Archaeology Uncovers the Vikings
Study American history through the artifacts of the Vikings.
The Vinland Sagas : The Norse Discovery of America . Baltimore : Penguin Books , 1965 . Editors did an extensive explanatory introduction before presenting English translations of the two Vinland sagas . Odelberg , Maj , Lena Thålin ..."
Voyages in World History, Complete, Brief
VOYAGES IN WORLD HISTORY, BRIEF EDITION, is a mainstream text for the world history course that masterfully uses the theme of movement--the journeys of peoples, ideas, and goods--to help the reader make sense of the huge range of people, places, and events throughout history. Each chapter is framed around the story of a person who traveled within the time period and region of the chapter. Students can practice being critical readers by evaluating the traveler's observations and attitudes. VOYAGES IN WORLD HISTORY includes a primary source feature called Movement of Ideas, which will help students develop the core skill of analyzing sources by allowing them to compare multiple explanations of significant ideas. This brief text will meet the needs of instructors who want a lively narrative style without sacrificing the themes and pedagogy that make world history understandable to students; it is also ideal for instructors who want to supplement a text with lots of primary sources. Available in the following options: VOYAGES IN WORLD HISTORY, BRIEF EDITION (Chapters 1-32); Volume I: To 1600 (Chapters 1-16); Volume II: Since 1500 (Chapters 15-32). Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the ebook version.
In Biology of Man in History : Selections from Annales Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations, ed. Robert Forster et al. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University ... The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America . New York: Penguin Books , ..."
The Gunns; History, Myths and Genealogy
Here is a radical, academically based text which demolishes the myths currently masquerading as Gunn 'history'. Gunns are best thought of as the original, non-related inhabitants of northern, mainland Scotland. They do not have an Orkney Islands origin. Gunns should not be viewed as a clan as they had no founding ancestor. There was never an historic 'Clan Gunn Chief'. The first Gunn known to history was Coroner Gunn of Caithness who died around 1450. His eldest son started the MacHamish Gunns of Killernan line - many descendants from that line exist all around the world. Major detail on this MacHamish line is included. This book is an important addition to Scottish Highland history.
The Vinland Sagas: The Norse discovery of America . Harmondsworth: Penguin Books Ltd. Martin, S. (2014). The Knights Templar: The History and Myths of the Legendary Military Order. Harpenden: Pocket Essentials. Matheson, A.F. (2014)."
Historical Atlas of Canada: From the beginning to 1800
Uses maps to illustrate the development of Canada from the last ice sheet to the end of the eighteenth century
The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America . London: Penguin Books , 1965 McGhee, Robert. Contact between Native North Americans and the Medieval Norse : A Review of the Evidence.' American Antiquity 49, no. 1 (1984): 4-26 Palsson, ..."
An Introduction to Island Studies
Island Studies can be deceptively challenging and rewarding for an undergraduate student. Islands can be many things: nations, tourist destinations, quarantine stations, billionaire baubles, metaphors. The study of islands offers a way to take this 'bewildering variety' and to use it as a lens and a tool to better understand our own world of islands. An Introduction to Island Studies is an approachable look at this interdisciplinary field - from the islands as biodiversity hotspots, their settlement, human migration and occupation through to the place of islands in the popular imagination. Featuring geopolitical, social and economic frameworks, James Randall gives a bottom-up guide to this most modern area of study. From the geological analysis of island formation to the metaphorical use of islands in culture and literature, the growing field of island studies is truly interdisciplinary. This new introduction gives readers from many disciplines the local, global, and regional perspectives that unlock the promise of island studies as a way to see the world. From the struggles and concerns of the Anthropocene—climate change, vulnerability and resilience, sustainable development, through to policy making and local environments—island studies has the potential to change the debate.
The Vinland Sagas: The Norse Discovery of America . London, UK: Penguin Classics . Mainwaring, Cetta. 2014. “Small States and Nonmaterial Power: Creating Crises and Shaping Migration Policies in Malta, Cyprus, and the European Union."
Archaeology from Space
National Geographic Explorer and TED Prize-winner Dr. Sarah Parcak welcomes you to the exciting new world of space archaeology, a growing field that is sparking extraordinary discoveries from ancient civilizations across the globe. In Archaeology from Space, Sarah Parcak shows the evolution, major discoveries, and future potential of the young field of satellite archaeology. From surprise advancements after the declassification of spy photography, to a new map of the mythical Egyptian city of Tanis, she shares her field’s biggest discoveries, revealing why space archaeology is not only exciting, but urgently essential to the preservation of the world’s ancient treasures. Parcak has worked in twelve countries and four continents, using multispectral and high-resolution satellite imagery to identify thousands of previously unknown settlements, roads, fortresses, palaces, tombs, and even potential pyramids. From there, her stories take us back in time and across borders, into the day-to-day lives of ancient humans whose traits and genes we share. And she shows us that if we heed the lessons of the past, we can shape a vibrant future. Includes Illustrations
Robert Kellogg, The Sagas of the Icelanders (New York: Penguin Books , 2001). Wahlgren, Vikings and America , 90–91. Kellogg, Sagas of the Icelanders. Birgitta Wallace, “The Norse in Newfoundland: L'Anse aux Meadows and Vinland ,” ..."
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